Buddhistische Steinschriften in China
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The second half of the 6th century AD was a significant period in the history of Chinese Buddhism. In the years 577/578 Buddhist believers were subjected to severe persecution, but the reception of the holy scriptures of a religion originating in India was not greatly affected by this. In the course of adapting the foreign doctrine to the indigenous traditions of calligraphy and landscape appreciation, Chinese monks created unique stone inscriptions. The sacred texts were laboriously carved into the natural rock with characters up to nine feet high. The inscriptions were also integrated into the architecture of cave temples. With this “network” of stone inscriptions the Chinese Buddhists created the most significant monuments to the cultural history of northern China that have come down to us.
The objective of the Research Unit is to compile a comprehensive and systematic documentation of these stone inscriptions, some of which have only been discovered in the last few years. One extremely interesting aspect is the fact that the texts are integrated into different spatial contexts. The inscriptions exposed to wind and weather impose a sacral character on the landscape. Monumental stelae proclaim the sacred doctrines, sheer rock faces become places of meditation, and great clumps of rock mark the routes taking the pilgrims up into the mountains. In the sheltered cave temples, hundreds of thousands of characters cover the walls. The full meaning of the textual program only becomes apparent through consideration of the interactive dialogue it engages in with the iconographic program of the neighboring pictorial niches.
The project is based on international cooperation, notably with Chinese scholars, many of whom in the past few years have been displaying a new and heightened interest in issues connected with religious history. In addition, we have close contacts with Japanese scholars upholding the outstanding Buddhological traditions of their country. At the interdisciplinary level the project involves researchers from the chair of Geoinformatics (GIScience) at Heidelberg University’s Institute of Geography and from the Institute of Spatial Information and Surveying Technology at i3Mainz (Mainz University of Applied Sciences) for clarification of the topographic situation of the carved texts. Via modern 3D laser technology and the establishment of a geodata infrastructure, a web application with analytic tools can be provided that squarely situates the project within the Digital Humanities sector.
In the mid-6th century CE, Chinese Buddhists began to carve their sacred texts into stone. Some worked in the open air on natural rock faces, while others integrated selected scriptures into the iconographic programs of cave temples. These stone sutras served to publicize and disseminate Buddhist teachings among the people. After the persecution of Buddhists in the years 574-577, the idea of preservation gained increasing importance. Influential patrons of Buddhism donated funds to have ever more extensive passages of text carved in stone, thus preserving them for eternity. Finally, monks at the Cloud Dwelling Monastery (Yunju si 雲居寺) near Beijing set out to carve the entire Buddhist canon onto stone slabs to survive the end of the world, which they believed was imminent. The task of this research project is the documentation, interpretation, and presentation of these stone inscriptions.
HAdW, Schriftzeichen "Buddha", Berg Ergu, Shandong
Inscriptions on Natural Rock Faces and Cliffs
The first phase of the project, which began in 2005, focused on the documentation of stone inscriptions under the open sky in Shandong province. There, learned monks selected short, significant passages from Buddhist sutras and wrote them in artistic calligraphy directly onto steep rock faces near their monasteries. In a second step, skilled stonemasons carved the up to three-meter-high characters into the rock. These characters have survived to this day. The sacred texts embodied objects of meditation on which the monks concentrated during their spiritual exercises. The deliberate connection between script and stone gives the mountains the character of a sacred landscape.
Examples include Mount Gang, where a continuous text was carved into massive, scattered boulders along a pilgrim path. The aim was to evoke the presence of Buddhas, Bodhisattvas, and sages in a paradisiacal landscape. This place was considered by the faithful to be the true Buddha land. The granite surface of Mount Tie was transformed into gigantic stelae. An entire chapter of a sutra could be inscribed on them in several hundred large-format characters.
Inschriften auf dem gewachsenen Fels
Inscriptions in Cave Temples
Even longer sutra passages can be found in small-format characters on the inner walls of cave temples. These works of writing are inserted between the sculptures and pictorial groups of the savior figures and thus become part of the religious message about the Dharma (the Buddhist teachings). Such an interweaving of pictorial and non-pictorial representation of religious teachings is rare in world art and of particular epistemological interest.
The Buddhist Canon in Stone at the Cloud Dwelling Monastery
The largest carving project in world history began at the beginning of the 7th century at the Cloud Dwelling Monastery. Initially, texts on stone slabs were also embedded in the walls of a cave here, the so-called "Thunder Sound Cave" (Leiyin dong 雷音洞), which was consecrated in 616 by a relic deposit. Soon thereafter, the monks carved the sacred scriptures only on prefabricated stone slabs. They stored these in caves, which they always sealed with stone doors. Inscriptions outside the caves tell of the monks' fear of the impending end of the world. In the future world age, they hoped, their stones would come to light again as if from a time capsule and proclaim the teachings of the Buddha to future generations.
Methods
Documentation
The primary task of the research center is the systematic and complete documentation of the stone inscriptions. The exact geo-referenced survey makes it possible to understand the inscriptions as objects in space and to recognize the relationships between the inscription groups. In this way, the network of monuments with which the Chinese Buddhists covered and shaped the landscape in that epoch becomes clear for the first time. The photographic documentation includes the carved stones as well as rubbings of the inscriptions with ink and paper. Sometimes, older rubbings show a better state of preservation because the weathering of the stone has progressed in the meantime. Up to 200-year-old transcriptions from the traditional epigraphic Chinese literature are also evaluated if available. The ideal goal is the complete reconstruction of the original text. Translations with detailed scholarly apparatus are also part of the documentation.
Interpretation
Many inscriptions, especially the recently discovered ones, shed new light on the history of Buddhism. There is talk of important Chinese and Indian monks who do not appear in the previously known historical sources. Scientifically relevant questions to the elucidation of which the project will contribute are the practice of confession and meditation rituals, the categorization of apocryphal and canonical texts, and, in general, the political instrumentalization and sinicization of Buddhism in the period in question.
Presentation
In cooperation with scientists from the Faculty of Geoinformation at the Karlsruhe University of Applied Sciences (FH), virtual terrain models and 3D visualizations were created. The processing and evaluation of the collected text and image data go hand in hand with developing a database tailored to the special requirements of Chinese texts and characters. The standards of established Buddhist and Sinological databases and the most modern digitization techniques are used, which consider the complexity of the writing systems in East Asia. The research results are also to be processed and presented in a suitable form for the scientifically interested lay public.
International Cooperation
For some years now, Chinese scholars have been turning their attention increasingly to religious-historical phenomena, as their significance for China's self-image as a cultural nation is being rediscovered. This development greatly benefits the work of the research project. In addition, there are close ties to scholars in Japan who continue the first-class Buddhist tradition of their country. The collection and evaluation of data takes place in close international cooperation. Renowned East Asian researchers and young academics come to Heidelberg to conduct research alongside the project. In doing so, they contribute to the scholarly exchange between Germany and China.